THE greatest wave of voluntary migration in human history transformed China's cities, and the global economy, in a single generation. It has also created a huge task for those cities, by raising the expectations of the next generation of migrants from the countryside, and of second-generation migrant children. They have grown up in cities in which neither the jobs nor the education offered them have improved much.This matters because the next generation of migrants has already arrived in staggering numbers. Shanghai's migrant population almost trebled between 2000 and 2010, to 9m of the municipality's 23m people. Nearly 60% of Shanghai's 7.5m or so 20-to-34-year-olds are migrants.
人类史上最大规模的自愿迁徙波在一代人之间，改变了中国城市，改变了世界经济，同时也为那些被改变的城带来巨大的负担。因为他们提高了来自农村的下一代农民工的期望，提高了农民工子女们（新生代农民工）的期望。农民工的孩子成长在城市，而城市给他们提供的工作或者教育却丝毫没有改进。改进与否关系重大，因为下一代农民工数量激增。2000年至2012年间，上海农民工数量增长了近两倍，市区2300万人中的900万人是农民工。上海20到34岁之间大约共有750万人，近60%都是农民工。 Many have ended up in the same jobs and dormitory beds as their parents did. A survey by the National Bureau of Statistics found that 44% of young migrants worked in manufacturing and another 10% in construction. This and another recent survey suggest that young migrants are dissatisfied with their lot and, despite large pay rises for factory work in recent years, with their salaries, too. Those who grew up partly in the cities with their parents have expectations of a comfortable life that are more difficult to satisfy. Their ambitions frustrated, many do something their parents did not: they leave one job, and find another. And then leave again. 很多年轻的农民工干着父辈们干过的活儿，睡着父辈们睡过的集体床铺。国家统计局一项调查显示，44%的年轻农民工在制造业工作，另10%则在建筑工地。这项调差和另一项近期调查表明，尽管近年来工厂工作大幅加薪，工人工资也大幅增长，年轻的农民工们仍然不满意自己的处境。在城市里跟随父母一起长大的年轻人们向往的舒适生活就更难实现了。他们的美好愿望受到挫折，其中很多人做出一些父辈人不会做出来的事：他们辞掉一份工作，找到另一份；然后再辞掉。 The Centre for Child-Rights and Corporate Social Responsibility, a partner in Beijing of Save the Children Sweden, conducted a survey of young textile workers in five provinces in 2011. A majority had changed jobs at least twice since starting work in the previous two or three years. Nearly half worried about the monotony of their work and despaired of their career prospects. Only 8.6% reported being “comfortable” at work. One worker told researchers: “We have become robots, and I don't want to be a robot who only works with machines.” 北京的一家瑞典拯救儿童机构的合伙人——儿童权利和企业社会责任中心在2011年对全国五个省的纺织工人做过一项调查。在开始工作的两年或三年时间里，大部分人至少换过两次工作。近一半人厌烦工作的千篇一律，对自己的职业前景感到失望。只有8.6%的人称工作“舒适”。一位工人告诉调查者：“我们都成机器人了，可我不想当只能跟机器工作的机器人。” Tied to the land 牢牢地束缚到土地上 One obstacle to a better job is their parents. In China's system of household registration (known as hukou), children born to rurally registered parents count as rural, even if their parents have migrated to the city, and regardless of where they themselves were born. In 2010 Shanghai was home to 390,000 children under the age of six who were officially classified as “migrants”. 找不到好工作的一个原因来源于他们父母。在中国的户籍登记制度（户口）里，父母是农村户口的，孩子也被看成农村户口，即便父母早已迁往城里，孩子出生在城市。2010年，上海有39万六岁以下的儿童被官方认定为“移民”。 They are fated to grow up on a separate path from children of Shanghainese parents. Migrant children are eligible to attend local primary and middle schools, but barred from Shanghai's high schools. They receive better schooling and social benefits than their parents did, and some pursue different types of work (see next story), but their status and their education are still more likely to lead to an assembly line than a university classroom.
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